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Last updated: 10/01/2026

Neo Sindarin - Mutations table

Soft

e(n)

Nasal

i(n)

Mixed

an

Stop

ed

Liquid

or

Sibilant

a(h)

/p/

p

peth

[b]

b

e·beth

[f]

ph

i·phith

[mb]

m·b

am beth

[f]

ph

e pheth

[rf]

r·ph

or pheth

[f]

ph

a pheth

/t/

t

tafn

[d]

d

e·dafn

[θ]

th

i·thefn

[nd]

n·d

an dafn

[θ]

th

e thafn

[rθ]

r·th

or thafn

[θ]

th

a thafn

/k/

c

cair

[g]

g

e·gair

[x]

ch

i·chîr

[ŋg]

ñ·g

añ gair

[x]

ch

e chair

[rx]

r·ch

or chair

[x]

ch

a chair

/b/

b

bâd

[v]

v

e·vâd

[m]

mb

i·mbaid

[mb]

m·b

am bâd

[b]

b

e bâd

[rv]

r·v

or vâd

[b]

b

a bâd

/d/

d

dim

[ð]

dh

e·dhim

[n]

nd

i·ndim

[nd]

n·d

an dim

[d]

d

e dim

[rð]

r·dh

or dhim

[d]

d

a dim

/g/

g

galad

[-]

'

e·'alad

[ŋ]

ñg

i·ñgelaid

[ŋg]

ñ·g

añ galad

[g]

g

e galad

[r]

r·'

or 'alad

[g]

g

a galad

/ᵐb/

[m]b

bâr

[m]

mb

e·mbâr

[m]

mb

i·mbair

[mb]

m·b

am bâr

[mb]

m·b

em bâr

[rb]

r·b

or bâr

[b]

b

a bâr

/ⁿd/

[n]d

dagr

[n]

nd

e·ndagr

[n]

nd

i·ndeigr

[nd]

n·d

an dagr

[nd]

n·d

en dagr

[rd]

r·d

or dagr

[d]

d

a dagr

/^ŋg/

[n]g

golodh

[ŋ]

ñg

e·ñgolodh

[ŋ]

ñg

i·ñgelydh

[ŋg]

ñ·g

añ golodh

[ŋg]

ñ·g

eñ golodh

[rg]

r·g

or golodh

[g]

g

a golodh

/f/

f

fela

[f]

f

e·fela

[f]

f

i·fili

[nf]

n·f

an fela

[ff]

ph·f

eph fela

[rf]

r·f

or fela

[f]

f

a fela

/θ/

th

thôl

[θ]

th

e·thôl

[θ]

th

i·thely

[nθ]

n·th

an thôl

[θθ]

th·th

eth thôl

[rθ]

r·th

or thôl

[θ]

th

a thôl

/h/

h

hûl

[x]

ch

e·chûl

[x]

ch

i·chuil

[ŋx]

ñ·ch

añ chûl

[xx]

ch·ch

ech chûl

[rx]

r·ch

or chûl

[x]

ch

a chûl

/s/

s

sarn

[h]

h

e·harn

[s]

s

i·sern

[nh]

n·h

an harn

[ss]

s·s

es sarn

[ss]

s·s

os sarn

[s]

s

a sarn

/ɬ/

lh

lhôn

[θl]

thl

e·thlôn

[θl]

thl

i·thluin

[θl]

thl

a thlôn

[θl]

th·l

eth lôn

[rl]

r·l

or lôn

[ɬ]

lh

a lhôn

/r̥/

rh

rhîw

[θr]

thr

e·thrîw

[θr]

thr

i·thrîw

[θr]

thr

a thrîw

[θr]

th·r

eth rîw

[rr]

r·r

or rîw

[r̥]

rh

ar rhîw

/r̥/

rh

rhass

[xr]

chr

e·chrass

[xr]

chr

i·chrais

[xr]

chr

a chrass

[xr]

ch·r

ech rass

[rxr]

r·chr

or chrass

[xr]

chr

a chrass

/ʍ/

wh

whest

[xw]

chw

e·chwest

[xw]

chw

i·chwist

[xw]

chw

a chwest

[θw]

th·w

eth west

[rw]

r·w

or west

[ʍ]

wh

a whest

/m/

m

mellon

[v]

v

e·vellon

[m]

m

i·mellyn

[mm]

m·m

am mellon

[m]

m

e mellon

[rv]

r·v

or vellon

[m]

m

a mellon

/n/

n

nadha

[n]

n

e·nadha

[n]

n

i·nedhi

[nn]

n·n

an nadha

[n]

n

e nadha

[rn]

r·n

or nadha

[n]

n

a nadha

/l/

l

laud

[l]

l

e·laud

[l]

l

i·loed

[ll]

l·l

al laud

[dl]

d·l

ed laud

[rl]

r·l

or laud

[ɬ]

lh

a lhaud

/r/

r

rom

[r]

r

e·rom

[ðr]

dh·r

idh·rym

[ðr]

dh·r

adh rom

[dr]

d·r

ed rom

[rr]

r·r

or rom

[r̥]

rh

a rhom

/j/

i

iant

[j]

i

e·iant

[nj]

n·i

in·ient

[nj]

n·i

an iant

[dj]

d·i

ed iant

[rj]

r·i

or iant

[x]

ch

a chant

/w/

gw

gwend

[w]

w

e·wend

[nw]

n·w

in·wind

[nw]

n·w

an wend

[dw]

d·w

ed wend

[rw]

r·w

or wend

[ʍ]

wh

a whend

/gw/

gw

gwend

[w]

w

e·wend

[ŋw]

ñgw

i·ñgwind

[ŋgw]

ñ·gw

añ gwend

[gw]

gw

e gwend

[rw]

r·w

or wend

[gw]

gw

a gwend

Notes

Liquid mutation works the same when triggered by /l/, except for replacing the trigger's [r] with [l].
Historically rs > ss, ls > lθ, with the latter further developing into ll, but likely not across a clitic/prefix boundary. As such we expect assimilated forms in liquid mutation, e.g.
or + sarn > os sarn, adel + sarn > adel tharn
In late Sindarin, lh, rh, and wh resist all mutations.
In late Sindarin lenition of /m/ may be optional or altogether absent.
Initial gw- is /w/ in conservative Sindarin, with mutations as outlined. In late Sindarin it is commonly reanalysed as /gw/. See second row.
A single attested word constitutes an exception in conservative/archaic Sindarin: rhass < ✶krasse. Later analogical to normal rh-.

The content of this table was made by Lanto from Vinyë Lambengolmor.